Geothermal Energy (Earth-Science)

EARTH SCIENCE I        


TOPIC: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY


INTRODUCTION

Geothermal energy systems use heat from the interior of the earth as a source of power. The word geothermal comes from Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). The center of our planet is extremely hot, reaching temperatures of 7,000 to12,000 degrees Fahrenheit. This heat is primarily the result of the slow radioactive decay of heavy elements at the earth’s core. Only the very surface of our planet has cooled enough to form the crust we live on. This crust is typically anywhere from three to 35 miles thick and below the crust exists the mantle, made of partially molten magma (melted rock) and reaching temperatures of 1000-2000 degrees Fahrenheit. This heat becomes available near the surface at areas where thermal conduction and intrusion of molten magna into unusually thin sections of the earth’s crust occurs. Such geothermal zones often give rise to naturally occurring surface features such as hot springs, geysers and volcanoes. High temperature geothermal zones offer a ready source of heat that can be used to generate electricity. Lower temperature geothermal resources can be used for various applications such as heating buildings, drying crops, year-round greenhouses or heating water for fish-farming activities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal electrical power is an extremely reliable source of energy. Power plants driven by geothermal power have historically much better online records than other electrical power sources. Geothermal energy systems represent a renewable, long-term source of power. These systems are combustion-free producing very low emission levels and avoiding the problems of acid rain, greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants associated with fossil fuel based systems.
More than 27 countries use geothermal power systems. The development of geothermal power systems is growing by 9 percent every year. Even in locations where hydrothermal activity is not available, geothermal heat pumps are still applicable.

USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Some applications of geothermal energy use the earth's temperatures near the surface, while others require drilling miles into the earth. The three main uses of geothermal energy are:
1.) Direct Use and District Heating Systems which use hot water from springs or reservoirs near the surface.

2.) Electricity generation in a power plant requires water or steam at very high temperature (300 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit). Geothermal power plants are generally built where geothermal reservoirs are located within a mile or two of the surface.

3.) Geothermal heat pumps use stable ground or water temperatures near the earth's surface to control building temperatures above ground.

TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
Dry steam plants use steam directly from a geothermal reservoir to turn generator turbines. The first geothermal power plant was built in 1904 in Tuscany, Italy, where natural steam erupted from the earth.

Flash steam plants take high-pressure hot water from deep inside the earth and convert it to steam to drive generator turbines. When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are flash steam plants.

Binary cycle power plants transfer the heat from geothermal hot water to another liquid. The heat causes the second liquid to turn to steam, which is used to drive a generator turbine.







Reference: Energy for Missouri: Today and Tomorrow - Educator's Guide PDF

Three types of dreams (Oral Communication Speech)

THREE TYPES OF DREAMS

INTRODUCTION

I. Attention Getter:
 The world of imagination available to us in our sleep is probably taken for
granted by many. However, no one can disagree to the mysteriousness of dreams.

II. Topic Clarification: To the end of exploring this mystery, and hopefully clarifying it, we can
at least look to patterns in dreams. More specifically, we can look to the particular types of
dreams that we can distinguish.

III. Roadmap: In this speech, I will describe three of them. I will take you through the
nightmare, the recurring dream, and, finally, the lucid dream.

BODY

IV. Main Point:

First looking at nightmares, we all recognize that their mystery is first and
foremost coupled with horror. The International Association for the Study of Dreams, or IASD,
provides us valuable insight into their nature.

A. Sub Point: The potential causes of a nightmare are varied.

1. Creative, emotional, and sensitive people tend to have more nightmares, as
they are more highly aware of their surroundings and circumstances (IASD
2013).

2. For others, nightmares are side effects of drug and medication use. Others
are the result of post-traumatic stress, including the loss of a loved one, assault,
or combat (IASD 2013).

3. Commonly, nightmares are a response to stress, including post-traumatic
stress following the loss of a loved one, an assault, or combat, in addition to
daily stressful problems. Therefore, nightmares are thought to be
psychosomatic mechanisms to call attention to the issues in our lives (IASD
2013).

B. Sub Point: So how then do we deal with Nightmares?

4. On this, the IASD provides further information. Their strongest advice is
therapy.

5. Counseling and self-reflection on the issues in our life allows us to
recognize how we can resolve stressful situations in our lives, and therefore
our dreams.

V. Main Point:
The recurring dream provides less horror to our dreams, and also a deeper
mystery.

C. Recurring dreams are those dreams that we have over and over, as if it were a task that
we keep trying to complete.

D. In fact, Dr. Angel Morgan writes in the Huffington Post that it may be unfinished
issues in our life that cause these types of dreams (Morgan 2014).

E. Although occasionally nightmarish, recurring dreams can also be fascinating and
pleasurable, and Dr. Morgan advises us to analyze the parallels between our recurring
dreams and our real-life circumstances (Morgan 2014).

REFERENCE:
Dream-Types-Informative.pdf

Petition

2 road constructions in a month

Justine Faye Pulicay

Hillari Janice Tandagan

Jofelson Martin

Mayor, La Trinidad, Benguet

Romeo Salda

La Trinidad Municipal Hall, Halsema higway 2601, La Trinidad, 2601 Benguet

September 26, 2017

Dear Mayor Salda,

We write to you on behalf of the students who reside in La Trinidad; to appeal our concern regarding the on going  construction in the road in Botiwtiw(km3) and Balili (km4). Thus, the traffic on that route became worse.

The students residing in La Trinidad are much rather affected by this situation due to the traffic. Also the PUJ drivers who  accommodate to our daily transportation. Therefore we requisite that this construction be  done as soon as possible.

Your favorable consideration of our request be appreciated.

Sincerly,

Justine Faye Pulicay          Hillari Janice Tandagan          Jofelson Martin